Stabilization of Axisymmetric Airy Beams by Means of Diffraction and Nonlinearity Management in Two-Dimensional Fractional Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

The nonspreading solution of the Schrödinger equation in the form of the Airy function was found by Berry and Balazs in the context of quantum mechanics in 1979 Berry-Balaz-1979AJP . This solution follows a curved parabolic trajectory, similar to a projectile moving under the action of gravity. The prediction has been realized experimentally in the form of Airy-shaped electron beams Arie . Following the commonly known principle that the propagation of classical optical beams in linear media and the dynamics of a quantum particle are governed by essentially the same Schrödinger equation, nonspreading/nondiffracting packets, including Airy waves, have been investigated in detail in linear optics Efremidis-2019-optica and plasmonics plasmon . Bessel beams are also commonly known examples of diffraction-free waves, and were predicted and experimentally demonstrated by Durnin et al. in 1987 Durnin-josaa-1987 ; Durnin-PRL1987 . Other classes of nondiffracting wave modes, including Mathieu and parabolic beams, have also been investigated Gutierrez-ol-2000 ; Bandres-ol-2000 ; see, also, review review .

Airy beams have been created in optics by dint of inputs with properly shaped intensity and phase Siviloglou-2007-PRL ; Siviloglou-2007-OL . Those works demonstrated, in particular, self-healing of perturbed beams. Cylindrically symmetric ring-Airy beams are able to abruptly autofocus in the linear regime, thus delivering high-energy pulses into transparent samples, as predicted theoretically Abruptly autofocus1 and demonstrated experimentally Abruptly autofocus2 ; Abruptly autofocus3 . By engineering the phase profile in the Fourier space, classes of abruptly autofocusing Airy beams that follow different trajectories have also been proposed Abruptly autofocus4 ; Abruptly autofocus5 . Propagation dynamics of ring-Airy beams with embedded optical vorticity (angular momentum) have also been investigated theoretically and experimentally ProRAB1 ; ProRAB2 ; ProRAB3 . Applications of Airy beams range from optical filamentation Filamentation1 ; Filamentation2 ; Filamentation3 , imaging Imaging1 ; Imaging2 ; Imaging3 , transportation and manipulation of particles Particle Manipulation1 ; Particle Manipulation2 ; Particle Manipulation3 , and to driving surface plasmon polaritons SPP1 ; SPP2 ; SPP3 .

The propagation of self-interacting high-power Airy beams has been studied in the framework of Schrödinger equations with various nonlinearities. Accelerating self-trapped beams were thus predicted in Kerr, saturable, and nonlocal nonlinear media Kaminer-PRL-2011 ; OE-19-23706 . For strong Kerr nonlinearity, soliton shedding by Airy beams was analyzed in OE-19-17298 . The latter phenomenon was also predicted in nonlocal nonlinear media SciRep-5-9814 . Trajectories of Airy beams and pulses have been studied experimentally in nonlinear photorefractive and Kerr media OL-37-3201 ; OL-38-380 . Comparison of self-accelerating linear Airy beams and solitons, which may feature similar dynamics in specific two-component systems, was presented in a recent review EPL .

The propagation of two-component Airy waves in second-harmonic-generating media with quadratic nonlinearities was observed in Segev-Arie . In this setting, it was further predicted that linear Airy beams launched in the one- or two-dimensional (1D or 2D) second-harmonic component generate sets of solitons through parametric instability Thaw1 ; Thaw2 . An extension of the analysis was also developed for 1D and 2D three-wave systems Thaw3 ; Thaw4 .

A non-Hermitian parity–time symmetric potential can modify the trajectory of an Airy beam without affecting its ability for diffraction-free propagation AnnPhy-1700307 . Specifically, Airy beams in a parity–time symmetric Gaussian potential feature diffraction-free propagation over long parabolic trajectories OC-410-717 .

Kinetic equations with partial fractional derivatives have been used to describe anomalous diffusion and relaxation phenomena, including Hamiltonian chaos, disordered media, underground water pollution, reactions in complex systems, and fractional diffusion in inhomogeneous media New1 ; New2 ; New3 . The concept of fractional derivatives also appears in diverse areas of physical phenomenology, such as the quantum Hall effect and the fractional Josephson effect New4 ; New5 . Further, the fractional Schrödinger equation (FSE) generalizes the classical Schrödinger equation, which is a canonical model for various physical phenomena, such as nonlinear optics, hydrodynamics, and the Bose–Einstein condensates New6 ; New7 ; New8 .

Another vast research area in optics and related areas deals with the FSE. It was introduced by Laskin FSE1 ; FSE2 ; FSE3 , who considered, by means of the Feynman-integral technique, the evolution of the wave function of quantum particles moving by Lévy flights (random jumps). The aforementioned similarity between the quantum–mechanical linear Schrödinger equation and the equation for the paraxial diffraction of light beams suggests schemes for the realization of FSE in optics, as first proposed by Longhi FSE4 . That work elaborated a scheme based on the so-called 4f configuration in an optical cavity. The beam is transformed by a lens from the coordinate space into the Fourier domain, in which a phase-shift emulating the fractional diffraction is introduced by means of an appropriate phase plate. Then, the second lens casts the optical field back into the spatial form, which carries the phase structure corresponding to the fractional diffraction. Experimentally, this scheme was recently realized in the temporal domain Shilong .

The propagation of beams with various shapes under the action of fractional paraxial diffraction has been addressed in the framework of FSE. In particular, Airy beams have been studied in this context FSE5 ; FSE6 ; FSE7 ; FSE8 ; FSE9 . Furthermore, the self-interaction and propagation dynamics of Airy beams have been investigated in the framework of the fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), which adds the Kerr term to the optical FSE FNLSE1 ; FNLSE2 ; see, also, review review2 .

The above-mentioned possibility to implement fractional diffraction implies that it is possible to build a system with an array of 4f setups with different parameters. This option, in turn, suggests one to consider an FSE including a management scheme management that makes the effective diffraction coefficient a function of the propagation distance, $z$. Moreover, the fact that the diffraction-emulating phase shifts are introduced by the phase plates inserted into the optical cavities makes it possible to emulate not only positive but also negative diffraction. The latter possibility allows one to define management patterns in the form of periodic alternation of artificial diffraction between positive and negative strengths; see Equation (8) below. Such diffraction management schemes are akin to ones that have been previously realized for normal (non-fractional) diffraction by beam propagation in waveguiding arrays with periodically varying orientation of the guiding cores Silberberg .

The subject of the present work is the dynamics of axially symmetric ring-Airy beams governed by the 2D fractional NLSE with the aforementioned $z$-dependent local diffraction and/or nonlinearity coefficients. The paper is organized as follows. The model is introduced in Section II, which is followed by a detailed analysis of the dynamics of ring-Airy beams in Section III. In particular, it is found that a saturable self-focusing nonlinearity does not break the axial symmetry of the ring-shaped beams through azimuthal instability. This is an essential result, as similarly shaped modes are often vulnerable to that instability Skryabin ; AIP . The paper is concluded in Section IV.

A more sophisticated management scheme may apply to the fractionality degree (i.e., the Lévy index (LI)) in linear or nonlinear FSE, making LI a function of $z$; cf. LImanagement . Such a scheme will be considered elsewhere.

As outlined above, we consider beam propagation along the $z$-axis in a 2D nonlinear isotropic medium with saturable nonlinear correction to the refractive index, which can be described by the fractional NLSE:

$$i\frac{\partial A}{\partial z}=\left[\frac{1}{2k_{0}n_{0}}d\left(z\right)\left(-\nabla_{\perp}^{2}\right)^{\alpha/2}-k_{0}n_{\text{NL}}\right]A,$$

(1)

where $A(x,y,z)$ is the amplitude of the optical field, and $k_{0}=2\pi n_{0}/\lambda$ is the wavenumber corresponding to carrier wavelength $\lambda$ and linear refractive index $n_{0}$. The fractional-diffraction operator in Equation (1), with LI, $\alpha$, belonging to interval $1\leq\alpha\leq 2$ and variable diffraction coefficient $d(z)$, is defined as the 2D version of the Riesz derivative book ; Zhang-CMA-2257 :

$$\left(-\nabla_{\perp}^{2}\right)^{\alpha/2}A\left(x,y\right)=\mathcal{F}^{-1}\left[\left(k_{x}^{2}+k_{y}^{2}\right)^{\alpha/2}\mathcal{F}A(x,y)\right],$$

(2)

where $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{F}^{-1}$ are 2D operators of the direct and inverse Fourier transform, and $k_{x,y}$ are wavenumbers conjugate to transverse coordinates $\left(x,y\right)$. The nonlinear correction to the refractive index is represented by the term

$$n_{\text{NL}}=n_{2}\left|A\right|^{2}/(1+s\left|A\right|^{2}),$$

(3)

which features saturation with strength $s>0$. The saturable nonlinearity is well-known to occur, in particular, in semiconductor-doped glasses and photorefractive media Sat-r1 ; Sat-r2 . The saturation in this model is a crucially important factor because, as is well-known, cubic (unsaturated) self-focusing in the 2D fractional NLSE leads to supercritical collapse at all values $\alpha<2$ review2 (and to the usual critical collapse in the case of non-fractional diffraction, $\alpha=2$); hence, the solitons are unstable in the absence of the saturation. Note that, in the absence of the saturation and management ($s=0$, $d(z)=\mathrm{const}$), the collapse is driven by the symmetry (invariance) of Equation (1) with respect to the scaling transform:

$$z=z_{0}\tilde{z},\left(x,y\right)=x_{0}\left(\tilde{x},\tilde{y}\right),A=A_{0}\tilde{A},z_{0}=x_{0}^{\alpha}=A_{0}^{-2}.$$

(4)

The saturation stabilizes the model against collapse by breaking the scaling symmetry.

Following the pattern of Equation (4) but in the presence of the saturation and diffraction management, the variables in Equation (1) can be normalized by means of rescaling:

$$\psi\left(\xi,\eta,\zeta\right)=\sqrt{s}A\left(x,y,z\right),\left(\xi,\eta\right)=\left(x,y\right)/\rho_{0},\zeta=z/L,$$

(5)

where $\rho_{0}$ is the characteristic width of the input beam, and $L=k_{0}n_{0}d_{0}^{-1}\rho_{0}^{\alpha}$ is the respective diffraction (Rayleigh) length corresponding to a characteristic value $d_{0}$ of the diffraction coefficient. The accordingly scaled form of Equation (1) is

$$i\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial\zeta}-\frac{1}{2}D\left(\zeta\right)\left(-\nabla_{\perp}^{2}\right)^{\alpha/2}\psi+\frac{\sigma_{0}\left|\psi\right|^{2}\psi}{1+\left|\psi\right|^{2}}=0,$$

(6)

where $D\left(\zeta\right)\equiv d(z)/d_{0}$ is the normalized diffraction-modulation coefficient, and

$$\sigma_{0}\equiv\frac{k_{0}^{2}n_{0}n_{2}\rho_{0}^{\alpha}}{sd_{0}}$$

(7)

with positive or negative values corresponds, respectively, to the self-focusing or defocusing nonlinearity.

In particular, it is relevant to consider the case of the periodic management corresponding to

$$D(\zeta)=D_{0}\cos\left(\Omega\zeta\right)$$

(8)

in Equation (6). As suggested by previous works on dispersion and diffraction management management , a more general form of this format may be taken as $D(\zeta)=\bar{D}+D_{0}\cos\left(\Omega\zeta\right)$, including the path-average term, $\bar{D}$, which may be negative or positive. Actually, simulations demonstrate that the latter term readily becomes a dominant one in the ensuing evolution, making it similar to the standard model, with $D=\mathrm{const}$; therefore, here we concentrate on the format (8), which produces most interesting findings. By means of additional rescaling admitted by Equation (6), we fix the modulation amplitude in Equation (8) as $D_{0}=1$.

To investigate the propagation characteristics of beams under the action of different management formats, we also address decaying diffraction-coefficient modulation:

$$D\left(\zeta\right)=1/\zeta.$$

(9)

A similar modulation format has been considered in the case of dispersion management in nonlinear fiber optics Rome .

Note that the substitution of

$$\mathcal{Z}(\zeta)=\int D(\zeta)d\zeta$$

(10)

transforms Equation (6) into a fractional NLSE with nonlinearity management:

	$$\displaystyle i\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial\mathcal{Z}}-\frac{1}{2}\left(-\nabla_{\perp}^{2}\right)^{\alpha/2}\psi+\frac{\sigma(\mathcal{Z})\left|\psi\right|^{2}\psi}{1+\left|\psi\right|^{2}}=0,$$		(11)
	$$\displaystyle\sigma(\mathcal{Z})\equiv\frac{\sigma_{0}}{D(\zeta(\mathcal{Z}))},$$		(12)

where $\zeta(Z)$ is a function inverse to $Z(\zeta)$. In particular, it is seen that the management is eliminated by substitution (10) in the linear version of Equation (6), with $\sigma_{0}=0$. The model with nonlinearity management is considered below, too, neglecting the saturation (dropping the denominator in the nonlinear term) in Equation (11). The aim is to check the possibility of stabilization of the 2D solitons by means of nonlinearity management against the above-mentioned supercritical collapse driven by the unsaturated nonlinearity. This possibility is suggested by the previously discovered mechanism of the stabilization of fundamental solitons (rather than Airy beams) by nonlinearity management against the onset of the critical collapse in the case of $\alpha=2$ (the usual non-fractional diffraction) nonlin-management1 ; nonlin-management2 ; nonlin-management3 ; nonlin-management4 .

As mentioned above, another version of the management, which is specific to the fractional setting, can be introduced by periodic modulation of LI: $\alpha=\alpha(z)$. Unlike what is considered above, this form of the management (that will be addressed elsewhere) cannot be eliminated from the linearized equation.

We have numerically investigated the propagation dynamics of 2D ring-Airy beams with axial symmetry, governed by the fractional NLSE with the saturable or cubic nonlinear term and variable diffraction and nonlinearity coefficients. These equations, which belong to the general class of management systems, model optical waveguides composed as an array of elements emulating the fractional diffraction and carrying the Kerr (saturable or non-saturable) nonlinearity. Adjusting the LI (Lévy index) $\alpha$ and the modulation format of the fractional-diffraction coefficient provides efficient means to maintain stable propagation of the ring-Airy beams, keeping their symmetry unbroken. These findings are essential, as normally, 2D ring-shaped patterns in Kerr media are unstable against symmetry-breaking azimuthal perturbations that split the ring, and moreover, all localized states are destroyed by the supercritical or critical collapse at $\alpha<2$ or $\alpha=2$, respectively (the latter value corresponds to the usual non-fractal diffraction). We have considered the spatially periodic modulation profiles of the diffraction and nonlinearity coefficients, as well as the diffraction-management profile decaying inversely proportional to the propagation distance, in the case of the saturable nonlinearity. The main lobe of the ring-Airy beam exhibits nearly periodic oscillations under the action of periodic modulation of the diffraction in the presence of the weak nonlinearity. The oscillation amplitude gradually grows and exhibits a trend towards chaotization with the growth of the nonlinearity strength. The ring-Airy beams naturally shrink, while their amplitude increases under the action of the decaying modulation format and self-focusing nonlinearity; then their amplitudes fall to a somewhat lower, nearly quasi-constant value. In the case of the combination of the decaying modulation and self-defocusing, the main lobe of the ring-Airy beams tends to autofocus at a certain point, while the sidelobes do not significantly shrink. Generally, the ring-Airy beams are stabilized by means of nonlinearity management both for the periodic and decaying modulation formats of diffraction. The management schemes introduced in this work offer new possibilities for manipulating and controlling the ring-shaped optical beams that would be unstable otherwise. As an extension of the work, it is relevant to address the propagation of the ring beams carrying angular momentum (vorticity).

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 11805141), the Applied Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province (No. 201901D211424), and the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi (STIP) (2021L401). The work of BAM was partly supported by the Israel Science Foundation through grant No. 1695/22.