How to prepare and submit an article for publication in an IOP Publishing journal using LaTeX 2ε

Submissions to our journals are handled via the ScholarOne web-based submission system. When you submit a new article to us you need only submit a PDF of your article. When you submit a revised version, we ask you to submit the source files as well. Upon acceptance for publication we will use the source files to produce a proof of your article in the journal style.

If you wish to make use of previously published material for which you do not own the copyright then you must seek permission from the copyright holder, usually both the author and the publisher. It is your responsibility to obtain copyright permissions and this should be done prior to submitting your article. If you have obtained permission, please provide full details of the permission granted—for example, copies of the text of any e-mails or a copy of any letters you may have received. Figure captions must include an acknowledgment of the original source of the material even when permission to reuse has been obtained. Please read our ethical policy before writing your article.

Please send your submission via the ScholarOne submission system. Go to the journal home page, and use the ‘Submit an article’ link on the right-hand side.

The code for the start of a title page of a typical paper in the iopart.cls style might read:

\documentclass[12pt]{iopart}
\begin{document}
\title[The anomalous magnetic moment of the
neutrino]{The anomalous magnetic moment of the
neutrino and its relation to the solar neutrino problem}

\author{P J Smith$^1$, T M Collins$^2$,
R J Jones$^3$\footnote{Present address:
Department of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndalls Park Road,
Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.} and Janet Williams$^3$}

\address{$^1$ Mathematics Faculty, Open University,
Milton Keynes MK7~6AA, UK}
\address{$^2$ Department of Mathematics,
Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London SW7~2BZ, UK}
\address{$^3$ Department of Computer Science,
University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E~6BT, UK}
\ead{[email protected]}

\begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
\keywords{magnetic moment, solar neutrinos, astrophysics}
\submitto{\jpg}
\maketitle

At the start of the LaTeX source code please include commented material to identify the journal, author, and (if you are sending a revised version or a resubmission) the reference number that the journal has given to the submission. The first non-commented line should be \documentclass[12pt]{iopart} to load the preprint class file. The normal text will be in the Computer Modern 12pt font. It is possible to specify 10pt font size by passing the option [10pt] to the class file. Although it is possible to choose a font other than Computer Modern by loading external packages, this is not recommended.

The article text begins after \begin{document}. Authors of very long articles may find it convenient to separate their article into a series of LaTeX files each containing one section, and each of which is called in turn by the primary file. The files for each section should be read in from the current directory; please name the primary file clearly so that we know to run LaTeX on this file.

Authors may use any common LaTeX .sty files. Authors may also define their own macros and definitions either in the main article LaTeX file or in a separate .tex or .sty file that is read in by the main file, provided they do not overwrite existing definitions. It is helpful to the production staff if complicated author-defined macros are explained in a LaTeX comment. The article class iopart.cls can be used with other package files such as those loading the AMS extension fonts msam and msbm, which provide the blackboard bold alphabet and various extra maths symbols as well as symbols useful in figure captions. An extra style file iopams.sty is provided to load these packages and provide extra definitions for bold Greek letters.

The iopart.cls class file produces single-column output by default, but a two-column layout can be obtained by using \documentclass[10pt] at the start of the file and \ioptwocol after the \maketitle command. Two-column output will begin on a new page (unlike in published double-column articles, where the two-column material starts on the same page as the abstract).

In general we prefer to receive submissions in single-column format even for journals published in double-column style; however, the \ioptwocol option may be useful to test figure sizes and equation breaks for these journals. When setting material in two columns you can use the asterisked versions of LaTeX commands such as \begin{figure*} ... \end{figure*} to set figures and tables across two columns. If you have any problems or any queries about producing two-column output, please contact us at [email protected].

The title is set using the command \title{#1}, where #1 is the title of the article. The first letter of the title should be capitalized with the rest in lower case. The title appears in bold case, but mathematical expressions within the title may be left in light-face type.

If the title is too long to use as a running head at the top of each page (apart from the first) a short form can be provided as an optional argument (in square brackets) before the full title, i.e. \title[Short title]{Full title}.

For article types other than papers, iopart.cls has a generic heading \article[Short title]{TYPE}{Full title} and some specific definitions given in table 2. In each case (apart from Letters to the Editor and Fast Track Communications) an optional argument can be used immediately after the control sequence name to specify the short title; where no short title is given, the full title will be used as the running head. Not every article type has its own macro—use \article for any not listed. A full list of the types of articles published by a journal is given in the submission information available via the journal home page. The generic heading could be used for articles such as those presented at a conference or workshop, e.g.

\article[Short title]{Workshop on High-Energy Physics}{Title}

Footnotes to titles may be given by using \footnote{Text of footnote.} immediately after the title. Acknowledgment of funding should be included in the acknowledgments section rather than in a footnote.

For the authors’ names type \author{#1}, where #1 is the list of all authors’ names. Western-style names should be written as initials then family name, with a comma after all but the last two names, which are separated by ‘and’. Initials should not be followed by full stops. First (given) names may be used if desired. Names in Chinese, Japanese and Korean styles should be written as you want them to appear in the published article. Authors in all IOP Publishing journals have the option to include their names in Chinese, Japanese or Korean characters in addition to the English name: see appendix B for details.

If the authors are at different addresses a superscripted number, e.g. ¹, $^1$, should be used after each name to reference the author to his/her address. If an author has additional information to appear as a footnote, such as a permanent address, a normal LaTeX footnote command should be given after the family name and address marker with this extra information.

The authors’ affiliations follow the list of authors. Each address is set by using \address{#1} with the address as the single parameter in braces. If there is more than one address then the appropriate superscripted number, followed by a space, should come at the start of the address.

E-mail addresses are added by inserting the command \ead{#1} after the postal address(es) where #1 is the e-mail address. See section 2.1 for sample coding. For more than one e-mail address, please use the command \eads{\mailto{#1}, \mailto{#2}} with \mailto surrounding each e-mail address. Please ensure that, at the very least, you state the e-mail address of the corresponding author.

The abstract follows the addresses and should give readers concise information about the content of the article and indicate the main results obtained and conclusions drawn. It should be self-contained—there should be no references to figures, tables, equations, bibliographic references etc. It should be enclosed between \begin{abstract} and \end{abstract} commands. The abstract should normally be restricted to a single paragraph of around 200 words.

We no longer ask authors to supply Physics and Astronomy Classification System (PACS) classification numbers. For submissions to Nonlinearity we ask that you should supply Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) codes. MSC numbers are included after the abstract using \ams{#1}.

The command \submitto{#1} can be inserted, where #1 is the journal name written in full or the appropriate control sequence as given in table 1. This command is not essential to the running of the file and can be omitted.

Keywords are required for all submissions. Authors should supply a minimum of three (maximum seven) keywords appropriate to their article as a new paragraph starting \noindent{\it Keywords\/}: after the end of the abstract.

To keep the header material on a separate page from the body of the text insert \maketitle (or \newpage) before the start of the text. If \maketitle is not included the text of the article will start immediately after the abstract.

The text of articles may be divided into sections, subsections and, where necessary, subsubsections. To start a new section, end the previous paragraph and then include \section followed by the section heading within braces. Numbering of sections is done automatically in the headings: sections will be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc, subsections will be numbered 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, etc, and subsubsections will be numbered 2.3.1, 2.3.2, etc. Cross references to other sections in the text should, where possible, be made using labels (see section 7) but can also be made manually. See section 5.7 for information on the numbering of displayed equations. Subsections and subsubsections are similar to sections but the commands are \subsection and \subsubsection respectively. Sections have a bold heading, subsections an italic heading and subsubsections an italic heading with the text following on directly.

\section{This is the section title}
\subsection{This is the subsection title}

The first section is normally an introduction, which should state clearly the object of the work, its scope and the main advances reported, with brief references to relevant results by other workers. In long papers it is helpful to indicate the way in which the paper is arranged and the results presented.

Footnotes should be avoided whenever possible and can often be included in the text as phrases or sentences in parentheses. If required, they should be used only for brief notes that do not fit conveniently into the text. The use of displayed mathematics in footnotes should be avoided wherever possible and no equations within a footnote should be numbered. The standard LaTeX macro \footnote should be used. Note that in iopart.cls the \footnote command produces footnotes indexed by a variety of different symbols, whereas in published articles we use numbered footnotes. This is not a problem: we will convert symbol-indexed footnotes to numbered ones during the production process.

Authors wishing to acknowledge assistance or encouragement from colleagues, special work by technical staff or financial support from organizations should do so in an unnumbered ‘Acknowledgments’ section immediately following the last numbered section of the paper. In iopart.cls the command \ack sets the acknowledgments heading as an unnumbered section.

Please ensure that you include all of the sources of funding and the funding contract reference numbers that you are contractually obliged to acknowledge. We often receive requests to add such information very late in the production process, or even after the article is published, and we cannot always do this. Please collect all of the necessary information from your co-authors and sponsors as early as possible.

Technical detail that it is necessary to include, but that interrupts the flow of the article, may be consigned to an appendix. Any appendices should be included at the end of the main text of the paper, after the acknowledgments section (if any) but before the reference list. If there are two or more appendices they should be called Appendix A, Appendix B, etc. Numbered equations will be in the form (A.1), (A.2), etc, figures will appear as figure A1, figure B1, etc and tables as table A1, table B1, etc.

The command \appendix is used to signify the start of the appendices. Thereafter \section, \subsection, etc, will give headings appropriate for an appendix. To obtain a simple heading of ‘Appendix’ use the code \section*{Appendix}. If it contains numbered equations, figures or tables the command \appendix should precede it and \setcounter{section}{1} must follow it.

It will help the readers if your article is written in a clear, consistent and concise manner. During the production process we will try to make sure that your work is presented to its readers in the best possible way without sacrificing the individuality of your writing. Some recommended points to note, however, are the following. These apply to all of the journals listed in table 1.

1. 1.

   Authors are often inconsistent in the use of ‘ize’ and ‘ise’ endings. We recommend using ‘-ize’ spellings (diagonalize, renormalization, minimization, etc) but there are some common exceptions to this, for example: devise, promise and advise.

2. 2.

   The words table and figure should be written in full and not abbreviaged to tab. and fig. Do not include ‘eq.’, ‘equation’ etc before an equation number or ‘ref.’  ‘reference’ etc before a reference number.

Please check your article carefully for accuracy, consistency and clarity before submission. Remember that your article will probably be read by many people whose native language is not English and who may not be aware of many of the subtle meanings of words or idiomatic phases present in the English language. It therefore helps if you try to keep sentences as short and simple as possible. If you are not a native English speaker, please ask a native English speaker to read your paper and check its grammar.

The great advantage of LaTeX over other text processing systems is its ability to handle mathematics of almost any degree of complexity. However, in order to produce an article suitable for publication both within a print journal and online, authors should exercise some restraint on the constructions used. Some equations using very small characters which are clear in a preprint style article may be difficult read in a smaller format.

For simple fractions in the text the solidus /, as in $\lambda/2\pi$, should be used instead of \frac or \over, using parentheses where necessary to avoid ambiguity, for example to distinguish between $1/(n-1)$ and $1/n-1$. Exceptions to this are the proper fractions $\frac{1}{2}$, $\frac{1}{3}$, $\frac{3}{4}$, etc, which are better left in this form. In displayed equations horizontal lines are preferable to solidi provided the equation is kept within a height of two lines. A two-line solidus should be avoided where possible; the construction $(\ldots)^{-1}$ should be used instead. For example use:

In mathematics mode LaTeX automatically sets variables in an italic font. In most cases authors should accept this italicization. However, there are some cases where it is preferable to use a Roman font; for instance, a Roman d for a differential d, a Roman e for an exponential e and a Roman i for the square root of $-1$. To accommodate this and to simplify the typing of equations, iopart.cls provides some extra definitions. \rmd, \rme and \rmi now give Roman d, e and i respectively for use in equations, e.g. $\rmi x\rme^{2x}\rmd x/\rmd y$ is obtained by typing $\rmi x\rme^{2x}\rmd x/\rmd y$.

Certain other common mathematical functions, such as cos, sin, det and ker, should appear in Roman type. Standard LaTeX provides macros for most of these functions (in the cases above, \cos, \sin, \det and \ker respectively); iopart.cls also provides additional definitions for $\Tr$, $\tr$ and $\Or$ (\Tr, \tr and \Or, respectively).

Subscripts and superscripts should be in Roman type if they are labels rather than variables or characters that take values. For example in the equation

$m$, the $z$ component of the nuclear spin, is italic because it can have different values whereas n is Roman because it is a label meaning nuclear ($\mu_{\rm n}$ is the nuclear magneton).

Authors should bear in mind that all mathematical formulae in double-column journals will need to fit into the width of a single column. You may find it helpful to use a two-column layout (such as the two-column option in iopart.cls) in your submission so that you can check the width of equations.

Bold italic characters can be used in our journals to signify vectors (rather than using an upright bold or an over arrow). To obtain this effect when using iopart.cls, use \bi{#1} within maths mode, e.g. $\bi{ABCdef}$. Similarly, in iopart.cls, if upright bold characters are required in maths, use \mathbf{#1} within maths mode, e.g. $\mathbf{XYZabc}$. The calligraphic (script) uppercase alphabet is obtained with \mathcal{AB} or \cal{CD} ($\mathcal{AB}\cal{CD}$).

The American Mathematical Society provides a series of extra symbol fonts to use with LaTeX and packages containing the character definitions to use these fonts. Authors wishing to use Fraktur or Blackboard Bold can include the appropriate AMS package (e.g. amsgen.sty, amsfonts.sty, amsbsy.sty, amssymb.sty) with a \usepackage command or add the command \usepackage{iopams} which loads the four AMS packages mentioned above and also provides definitions for extra bold characters (all Greek letters and some other additional symbols).

The package iopams.sty uses the definition \boldsymbol in amsbsy.sty which allows individual non-alphabetical symbols and Greek letters to be made bold within equations. The bold Greek lowercase letters are obtained with the commands \balpha … \bomega (but note that bold eta is \bfeta rather than \beta) and the capitals with commands \bGamma … \bOmega. Bold versions of the following symbols are predefined in iopams.sty: bold partial \bpartial, bold ‘ell’  \bell, bold imath  \bimath, bold jmath  \bjmath, bold infinity \binfty, bold nabla \bnabla, bold centred dot  \bdot. Other characters are made bold using \boldsymbol{\symbolname}.

Please do not use the style file amsmath.sty (part of the AMSTeX package) in conjunction with iopart.cls. This will result in several errors. To make use of the macros defined in amsmath.sty, iopart.cls provides the file setstack.sty which reproduces the following useful macros from amsmath.sty:

\overset \underset \sideset \substack \boxed   \leftroot
\uproot  \dddot    \ddddot  \varrow   \harrow

If the mathematical notation that you need is best handled in amsmath.sty you might want to consider using an article class other than iopart.cls. We accept submissions using any class or style files.

Table 3 lists some other macros for use in mathematics with a brief description of their purpose.

The normal style for aligning displayed equations in our published journal articles is to align them left rather than centre. The iopart.cls class file automatically does this and indents each line of a display. In iopart.cls, to make any line start at the left margin of the page, add \fl at start of the line (to indicate full left).

Using the eqnarray environment equations will naturally be aligned left and indented without the use of any ampersands for alignment, see equations (1) and (2)

This is the normal equation style for our journals.

Where some secondary alignment is needed, for instance a second part of an equation on a second line, a single ampersand is added at the point of alignment in each line (see (3) and (4)).

Two points of alignment are possible using two ampersands for alignment (see (5) and (6)). Note in this case extra space \qquad is added before the second ampersand in the longest line (the top one) to separate the condition from the equation.

For a long equation which has to be split over more than one line the first line should start at the left margin, this is achieved by inserting \fl (full left) at the start of the line. The use of the alignment parameter & is not necessary unless some secondary alignment is needed.

The plain TeX command \eqalign can be used within an equation environment to obtain a multiline equation with a single centred number, for example

During the production process we will break equations as appropriate for the page layout of the journal. If you are submitting to a double-column journal and wish to review how your equations will break, you may find the double-column layout described in section 2.2 useful.

The following points on the layout of mathematics apply whichever class file you use.

Exponential expressions, especially those containing subscripts or superscripts, are clearer if the notation $\exp(\ldots)$ is used, except for simple examples. For instance $\exp[\rmi(kx-\omega t)]$ and $\exp(z^{2})$ are preferred to $\rme^{\rmi(kx-\omega t)}$ and $\rme^{z^{2}}$, but $\rme^{x}$ is acceptable.

Similarly the square root sign $\sqrt{\phantom{b}}$ should only be used with relatively simple expressions, e.g. $\sqrt{2}$ and $\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}$; in other cases the power $1/2$ should be used; for example, $[(x^{2}+y^{2})/xy(x-y)]^{1/2}$.

It is important to distinguish between $\ln=\log_{\rme}$ and $\lg=\log_{10}$. Braces, brackets and parentheses should be used in the following order: $\{[(\;)]\}$. The same ordering of brackets should be used within each size. However, this ordering can be ignored if the brackets have a special meaning (e.g. if they denote an average or a function).

Decimal fractions should always be preceded by a zero: for example 0.123 not .123. For long numbers use thin spaces after every third character away from the position of the decimal point, unless this leaves a single separated character: e.g. $60\,000$, $0.123\,456\,78$ but 4321 and 0.7325.

Equations should be followed by a full stop (periods) when at the end of a sentence.

LaTeX provides facilities for automatically numbering equations and these should be used where possible. Sequential numbering (1), (2), etc, is the default numbering system although in iopart.cls, if the command \eqnobysec is included in the preamble, equation numbering by section is obtained, e.g. (2.1), (2.2), etc. Equation numbering by section is used in appendices automatically when the \appendix command is used, even if sequential numbering has been used in the rest of the article. Refer to equations in the text using the equation number in parentheses. It is not normally necessary to include the word equation before the number; and abbreviations such as eqn or eq should not be used. In iopart.cls, there are alternatives to the standard \ref command that you might find useful—see table 4.

Sometimes it is useful to number equations as parts of the same basic equation. This can be accomplished in iopart.cls by inserting the commands \numparts before the equations concerned and \endnumparts when reverting to the normal sequential numbering. For example using \numparts \begin{eqnarray} … \end{eqnarray} \endnumparts:

Equation labels within the \eqnarray environment will be referenced as subequations, e.g. (9a).

The \cases command has been amended slightly in iopart.cls to increase the space between the equation and the condition. Equation (9j) demonstrates simply the output from the \cases command

To obtain text style fractions within displayed maths the command \case{#1}{#2} can be used instead of the usual \frac{#1}{#2} command or {#1 \over #2}.

When two or more short equations are on the same line they should be separated by a ‘qquad space’ (\qquad), rather than \quad or any combination of \,, \>, \; and \ .

In the Harvard system the name of the author appears in the text together with the year of publication. As appropriate, either the date or the name and date are included within parentheses. Where there are only two authors both names should be given in the text; if there are more than two authors only the first name should appear followed by ‘et al’ (which can be obtained in iopart.cls by typing \etal). When two or more references to work by one author or group of authors occur for the same year they should be identified by including a, b, etc after the date (e.g. 2012a). If several references to different pages of the same article occur the appropriate page number may be given in the text, e.g. Kitchen (2011, p 39).

The reference list at the end of an article consists of an unnumbered ‘References’ section containing an alphabetical listing by authors’ names. References with the same author list are ordered by date, oldest first. The reference list in the preprint style is started in iopart.cls by including the command \section*{References} and then \begin{harvard}. Individual references start with \item[] and the reference list is completed with \end{harvard}. There is also a shortened form of the coding: \section*{References} and \begin{harvard} can be replaced by the single command \References, and \end{harvard} can be shortened to \endrefs.

In the Vancouver system references are numbered sequentially throughout the text. The numbers occur within square brackets and one number can be used to designate several references. A numerical reference list in the iopart style is started by including the command \section*{References} and then \begin{thebibliography}{<num>}, where <num> is the largest number in the reference list (or any other number with the same number of digits). The reference list gives the references in numerical order, individual references start with \bibitem{label}. The list is completed by \end{thebibliography}. Short forms of the commands are again available: \Bibliography{<num>} can be used at the start of the references section and \endbib at the end.

A variant of this system is to use labels instead of numbers within square brackets, in this case references in the list should start with \bibitem[label-text]. This method is allowed for all journals that accept numerical references.

If you are using BibTeX, see the earlier section 1.1.3 for information on what .bst file to use. The output that you get will differ slightly from that specified in the rest of this section, but this is not a problem as long as all the relevant information is present.

A complete reference should provide the reader with enough information to locate the item concerned. Up to ten authors may be given in a particular reference; where there are more than ten only the first should be given followed by ‘et al’. If you are using BibTeX and the .bst file that you are using includes more than 10 authors, do not worry about this: we can correct this during the production process. Abbreviate a journal name only in accordance with the journal’s own recommendations for abbreviation—if in doubt, leave it unabbreviated.

The terms loc. cit. and ibid. should not be used. Unpublished conferences and reports should generally not be included in the reference list if a published version of the work exists. Articles in the course of publication should include the article title and the journal of publication, if known. A reference to a thesis submitted for a higher degree may be included if it has not been superseded by a published paper—please state the institution where the work was submitted.

The basic structure of a reference in the reference list is the same in both the alphabetical and numerical systems, the only difference being the code at the start of the reference. Alphabetical references are preceded by \item[], numerical by \bibitem{label} or just \item to generate a number or \nonum where a reference is not the first in a group of references under the same number.

Note that footnotes to the text should not be included in the reference list, but should appear at the bottom of the relevant page by using the \footnote command.

The following guidance applies if you are producing your reference list ‘by hand’; that is, without the help of BibTeX. See section 1.1.3 for BibTeX help.

Article references in published articles in our journals contain three changes of font: the authors and date appear in Roman type, the journal title in italic, the volume number in bold and the page numbers in Roman again. A typical journal entry would be:

Cross referencing is useful for numeric reference lists because, if it is used, adding another reference to the list does not then involve renumbering all subsequent references. It is not necessary for referencing in the Harvard system where the final reference list is alphabetical and normally no other changes are necessary when a reference is added or deleted. When using LaTeX, two passes (under certain circumstances, three passes) are necessary initially to get the cross references right but once they are correct a single run is usually sufficient provided an .aux file is available and the file is run to the end each time. If the reference list contains an entry \bibitem{label}, this command will produce the correct number in the reference list and \cite{label} will produce the number within square brackets in the text. label may contain letters, numbers or punctuation characters but must not contain spaces or commas. It is also recommended that the underscore character _ is not used in cross referencing. Thus labels of the form eq:partial, fig:run1, eq:dy’, etc, may be used. When several references occur together in the text \cite may be used with multiple labels with commas but no spaces separating them; the output will be the numbers within a single pair of square brackets with a comma and a thin space separating the numbers. Thus \cite{label1,label2,label4} would give [1, 2, 4]. Note that no attempt is made by the style file to sort the labels and no shortening of groups of consecutive numbers is done. Authors should therefore either try to use multiple labels in the correct order, or use a package such as cite.sty that reorders labels correctly.

The numbers for the cross referencing are generated in the order the references appear in the reference list, so that if the entries in the list are not in the order in which the references appear in the text then the numbering within the text will not be sequential. To correct this change the ordering of the entries in the reference list and then rerun the LaTeX file twice. Please ensure that all references resolve correctly: check the .log file for undefined or multiply-defined citations, and check that the output does not contain question marks that indicate unresolved references.

Labels for equation numbers, sections, subsections, figures and tables are all defined with the \label{label} command and cross references to them are made with the \ref{label} command.

Any section, subsection, subsubsection, appendix or subappendix command defines a section type label, e.g. 1, 2.2, A2, A1.2 depending on context. A typical article might have in the code of its introduction ‘The results are discussed in section~\ref{disc}.’ and the heading for the discussion section would be:

\section{Results}\label{disc}

Labels to sections, etc, may occur anywhere within that section except within another numbered environment. Within a maths environment labels can be used to tag equations which are referred to within the text.

In addition to the standard \ref{<label>}, in iopart.cls the abbreviated forms given in table 4 are available for reference to standard parts of the text.

The standard form for a table in iopart.cls is:

\begin{table}
\caption{\label{label}Table caption.}
\begin{indented}
\item[]\begin{tabular}{@{}llll}
\br
Head 1&Head 2&Head 3&Head 4\\
\mr
1.1&1.2&1.3&1.4\\
2.1&2.2&2.3&2.4\\
\br
\end{tabular}
\end{indented}
\end{table}

The basic coding format can be simplified using extra commands provided in the iopart class file. The commands up to and including the start of the tabular environment can be replaced by

\Table{\label{label}Table caption}

and this also activates the definitions within \lineup. The final three lines can also be reduced to \endTable or \endtab. Similarly for a table which does not fit on the page when indented \fulltable{\label{label}caption} … \endfulltable can be used. LaTeX optional positional parameters can, if desired, be added after \Table{\label{label}caption} and \fulltable{\label{label}caption}.

\centre{#1}{#2} can be used to centre a heading #2 over #1 columns and \crule{#1} puts a rule across #1 columns. A negative space \ns is usually useful to reduce the space between a centred heading and a centred rule. \ns should occur immediately after the \\ of the row containing the centred heading (see code for table 6). A small space can be inserted between rows of the table with \ms and a half line space with \bs (both must follow a \\ but should not have a \\ following them).

Units should not normally be given within the body of a table but given in brackets following the column heading; however, they can be included in the caption for long column headings or complicated units. Where possible tables should not be broken over pages. If a table has related notes these should appear directly below the table rather than at the bottom of the page. Notes can be designated with footnote symbols (preferable when there are only a few notes) or superscripted small roman letters. The notes are set to the same width as the table and in normal tables follow after \end{tabular}, each note preceded by \item[]. For a full width table \noindent should precede the note rather than \item[]. To simplify the coding \tabnotes can, if desired, replace \end{tabular} and \endtabnotes replaces \end{indented}\end{table}.

If all the tables are grouped at the end of a document the command \Tables is used to start a new page and set a heading ‘Tables and table captions’. If the tables follow an appendix then add the command \noappendix to revert to normal style numbering.

Using the graphicx package graphics files can be included within figure and center environments at an appropriate point within the text using code such as:

\includegraphics{file.eps}

The graphicx package supports various optional arguments to control the appearance of the figure. Other similar packages can also be used (e.g. graphics, epsf). Whatever package you use, you must include it explicitly after the \documentclass declaration using (say) \usepackage{graphicx}.

For more detail about graphics inclusion see the documentation of the graphicx package, refer to one of the books on LaTeX, e.g. Goosens M, Rahtz S and Mittelbach F 1997 The LaTeX Graphics Companion (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley), or download some of the excellent free documentation available via the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) http://www.ctan.org—in particular see Reckdahl K 2006 Using Imported Graphics in LaTeX and pdfLaTeX http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/epslatex.

IOP Publishing’s graphics guidelines provide further information on preparing .eps files.

We prefer you to use .eps files for your graphics, but we realise that converting other formats of graphics to .eps format can be troublesome. If you use PDF or bitmap-format graphics such as JPG or PNG that need to be included using the pdfTeX package, this is OK, but please bear in mind that the PDF you submit should use PDF standard 1.4 or lower (use \pdfminorversion=4 at the start of the file).

The main LaTeX file must read in graphics files and subsidiary LaTeX files from the current directory, not from a subdirectory. Your submission files are stored on our systems in a single location and we will not be able to process your TeX file automatically if it relies on organization of the files into subdirectories.

Below each figure should be a brief caption describing it and, if necessary, interpreting the various lines and symbols on the figure. As much lettering as possible should be removed from the figure itself and included in the caption. If a figure has parts, these should be labelled ($a$), ($b$), ($c$), etc and all parts should be described within a single caption. Table 7 gives the definitions for describing symbols and lines often used within figure captions (more symbols are available when using the optional packages loading the AMS extension fonts).

All of our journals encourage authors to submit supplementary data attachments to enhance the online versions of published research articles. Supplementary data enhancements typically consist of video clips, animations or data files, tables of extra information or extra figures. They can add to the reader’s understanding and present results in attractive ways that go beyond what can be presented in the PDF version of the article. See our supplementary data guidelines for further details.

Software, in the form of input scripts for mathematical packages (such as Mathematica notebook files), or source code that can be interpreted or compiled (such as Python scripts or Fortran or C programs), or executable files, can sometimes be accepted as supplementary data, but the journal may ask you for assurances about the software and distribute them from the article web page only subject to a disclaimer. Contact the journal in the first instance if you want to submit software.