elsarticle.cls – A better way to format your document

Elsevier Ltd

1 Introduction

elsarticle.cls is a thoroughly re-written document class for formatting L A TeX submissions to Elsevier journals. The class uses the environments and commands defined in L A TeX kernel without any change in the signature so that clashes with other contributed L A TeX packages such as hyperref.sty, preview-latex.sty, etc., will be minimal. elsarticle.cls is primarily built upon the default article.cls. This class depends on the following packages for its proper functioning:

1.

natbib.sty for citation processing;
2.

geometry.sty for margin settings;
3.

fleqn.clo for left aligned equations;
4.

graphicx.sty for graphics inclusion;
5.

txfonts.sty optional font package, if the document is to be formatted with Times and compatible math fonts;
6.

hyperref.sty optional packages if hyperlinking is required in the document;
7.

endfloat.sty optional packages if floats to be placed at end of the PDF.

All the above packages (except some optional packages) are part of any standard L A TeX installation. Therefore, the users need not be bothered about downloading any extra packages. Furthermore, users are free to make use of ams math packages such as amsmath.sty, amsthm.sty, amssymb.sty, amsfonts.sty, etc., if they want to. All these packages work in tandem with elsarticle.cls without any problems.

2 Major Differences

Following are the major differences between elsarticle.cls and its predecessor package, elsart.cls:

•

elsarticle.cls is built upon article.cls while elsart.cls is not. elsart.cls redefines many of the commands in the L A TeX classes/kernel, which can possibly cause surprising clashes with other contributed L A TeX packages;
•

provides preprint document formatting by default, and optionally formats the document as per the final style of models $1+$ , $3+$ and $5+$ of Elsevier journals;
•

some easier ways for formatting \verb@eol@error\@verb+list+␣and \verb+theorem+␣environments␣are␣provided␣while␣people␣can␣still use␣\file{amsthm.sty}␣package;

\item␣\file{natbib.sty}␣is␣the␣main␣citation␣processing␣package ␣␣which␣can␣comprehensively␣handle␣all␣kinds␣of␣citations␣and works␣perfectly␣with␣\file{hyperref.sty}␣in␣combination␣with \file{hypernat.sty};

\item␣long␣title␣pages␣are␣processed␣correctly␣in␣preprint␣and ␣␣final␣formats.

\end{enumerate}

\section{Installation}

The␣package␣is␣available␣at␣author␣resources␣page␣at␣Elsevier (\url{http://www.elsevier.com/locate/latex}). It␣can␣also␣be␣found␣in␣any␣of␣the␣nodes␣of␣the␣Comprehensive \TeX{}␣Archive␣Network␣(\textsc{ctan}),␣one␣of␣the␣primary␣nodes being \url{http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/elsarticle/}. Please␣download␣the␣\file{elsarticle.dtx}␣which␣is␣a␣composite class␣with␣documentation␣and␣\file{elsarticle.ins}␣which␣is␣the \LaTeX{}␣installer␣file.␣When␣we␣compile␣the \file{elsarticle.ins}␣with␣\LaTeX{}␣it␣provides␣the␣class␣file, \file{elsarticle.cls}␣by stripping␣off␣all␣the␣documentation␣from␣the␣\verb+*.dtx+␣file. The␣class␣may␣be␣moved␣or␣copied␣to␣a␣place,␣usually, \verb+$TEXMF/tex/latex/elsevier/+,␣%$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% or␣a␣folder␣which␣will␣be␣read by␣\LaTeX{}␣during␣document␣compilation.␣␣The␣\TeX{}␣file database␣needs␣updation␣after␣moving/copying␣class␣file.␣␣Usually, we␣use␣commands␣like␣\verb+mktexlsr+␣or␣\verb+texhash+␣depending upon␣the␣distribution␣and␣operating␣system.

\section{Usage}\label{sec:usage} The␣class␣should␣be␣loaded␣with␣the␣command:

\begin{vquote} ␣\documentclass[<options>]{elsarticle} \end{vquote}

\noindent␣where␣the␣\verb+options+␣can␣be␣the␣following:

\begin{description}

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣preprint}]␣␣default␣option␣which␣format␣the ␣␣document␣for␣submission␣to␣Elsevier␣journals.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣review}]␣␣similar␣to␣the␣\verb+preprint+ option,␣but␣increases␣the␣baselineskip␣to␣facilitate␣easier␣review process.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣1p}]␣␣formats␣the␣article␣to␣the␣look␣and feel␣of␣the␣final␣format␣of␣model␣1+␣journals.␣This␣is␣always␣single column␣style.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣3p}]␣formats␣the␣article␣to␣the␣look␣and feel␣of␣the␣final␣format␣of␣model␣3+␣journals.␣If␣the␣journal␣is␣a␣two column␣model,␣use␣\verb+twocolumn+␣option␣in␣combination.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣5p}]␣formats␣for␣model␣5+␣journals.␣This is␣always␣of␣two␣column␣style.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣authoryear}]␣author-year␣citation␣style␣of \file{natbib.sty}.␣If␣you␣want␣to␣add␣extra␣options␣of \file{natbib.sty},␣you␣may␣use␣the␣options␣as␣comma␣delimited␣strings as␣arguments␣to␣\verb+\biboptions+␣command.␣An␣example␣would␣be: \end{description}

\begin{vquote} ␣\biboptions{longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon} \end{vquote}

\begin{description} \item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣number}]␣numbered␣citation␣style.␣Extra␣options ␣␣can␣be␣loaded␣with\linebreak␣\verb+\biboptions+␣command.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣sort\&compress}]␣sorts␣and␣compresses␣the numbered␣citations.␣For␣example,␣citation␣[1,2,3]␣will␣become␣[1--3].

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣longtitle}]␣if␣front␣matter␣is␣unusually␣long,␣use ␣␣this␣option␣to␣split␣the␣title␣page␣across␣pages␣with␣the␣correct placement␣of␣title␣and␣author␣footnotes␣in␣the␣first␣page.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣times}]␣loads␣\file{txfonts.sty},␣if available␣in␣the␣system␣to␣use␣Times␣and␣compatible␣math␣fonts.

%*% \item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣reversenotenum}]␣Use␣alphabets␣as author--affiliation␣linking␣labels␣and␣use␣numbers␣for␣author footnotes.␣By␣default,␣numbers␣will␣be␣used␣as␣author--affiliation linking␣labels␣and␣alphabets␣for␣author␣footnotes.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣lefttitle}]␣To␣move␣title␣and author/affiliation␣block␣to␣flushleft.␣\verb+centertitle+␣is␣the default␣option␣which␣produces␣center␣alignment.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣endfloat}]␣To␣place␣all␣floats␣at␣the␣end of␣the␣document.

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣nonatbib}]␣To␣unload␣natbib.sty. %*%

\item␣[{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣doubleblind}]␣To␣hide␣author␣name, affiliation,␣email␣address␣etc.␣for␣double␣blind␣refereeing␣purpose. %*%

\item[]␣All␣options␣of␣\file{article.cls}␣can␣be␣used␣with␣this ␣␣document␣class.

\item[]␣The␣default␣options␣loaded␣are␣\verb+a4paper+,␣\verb+10pt+, ␣␣\verb+oneside+,␣\verb+onecolumn+␣and␣\verb+preprint+.

\end{description}

\section{Frontmatter}

There␣are␣two␣types␣of␣frontmatter␣coding: \begin{enumerate}[(1)] \item␣each␣author␣is connected␣to␣an␣affiliation␣with␣a␣footnote␣marker;␣hence␣all authors␣are␣grouped␣together␣and␣affiliations␣follow; \pagebreak \item␣authors␣of␣same␣affiliations␣are␣grouped␣together␣and␣the relevant␣affiliation␣follows␣this␣group. \end{enumerate}

An␣example␣of␣coding␣the␣first␣type␣is␣provided␣below.

\begin{vquote} ␣\title{This␣is␣a␣specimen␣title\tnoteref{t1,t2}} ␣\tnotetext[t1]{This␣document␣is␣the␣results␣of␣the␣research ␣␣␣␣project␣funded␣by␣the␣National␣Science␣Foundation.} ␣\tnotetext[t2]{The␣second␣title␣footnote␣which␣is␣a␣longer ␣␣␣␣text␣matter␣to␣fill␣through␣the␣whole␣text␣width␣and ␣␣␣␣overflow␣into␣another␣line␣in␣the␣footnotes␣area␣of␣the ␣␣␣␣first␣page.} \end{vquote}

\begin{vquote} \author[1]{Jos␣Migchielsen\corref{cor1}% ␣␣\fnref{fn1}} \ead{[email protected]}

\author[2]{CV␣Radhakrishnan\fnref{fn2}} \ead{[email protected]}

\author[3]{CV␣Rajagopal\fnref{fn1,fn3}} \ead[url]{www.stmdocs.in}

␣\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding␣author} ␣\fntext[fn1]{This␣is␣the␣first␣author␣footnote.} ␣\fntext[fn2]{Another␣author␣footnote,␣this␣is␣a␣very␣long ␣␣␣footnote␣and␣it␣should␣be␣a␣really␣long␣footnote.␣But␣this ␣␣␣footnote␣is␣not␣yet␣sufficiently␣long␣enough␣to␣make␣two ␣␣␣lines␣of␣footnote␣text.} ␣\fntext[fn3]{Yet␣another␣author␣footnote.}

␣\affiliation[1]{organization={Elsevier␣B.V.}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣addressline={Radarweg␣29}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣postcode={1043␣NX}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣city={Amsterdam}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣country={The␣Netherlands}}

␣\affiliation[2]{organization={Sayahna␣Foundation}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣addressline={JWRA␣34,␣Jagathy}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣city={Trivandrum} ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣postcode={695014}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣country={India}} \end{vquote}

\begin{vquote}

␣\affiliation[3]{organization={STM␣Document␣Engineering ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣Pvt␣Ltd.}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣addressline={Mepukada,␣Malayinkil}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣city={Trivandrum} ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣postcode={695571}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣country={India}} \end{vquote}

The␣output␣of␣the␣above␣\TeX{}␣source␣is␣given␣in␣Clips~\ref{clip1}␣and \ref{clip2}.␣The␣header␣portion␣or␣title␣area␣is␣given␣in Clip~\ref{clip1}␣and␣the␣footer␣area␣is␣given␣in␣Clip~\ref{clip2}.

\def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{Header␣of␣the␣title␣page.} \includeclip{1}{130␣612␣477␣707}{1psingleauthorgroup.pdf}%%{elstest-1p.pdf}%single␣author␣group \def\rulecolor{orange}

\def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{Footer␣of␣the␣title␣page.} \includeclip{1}{93␣135␣499␣255}{1pseperateaug.pdf}%%{elstest-1p.pdf}%single␣author␣group \def\rulecolor{orange}

Most␣of␣the␣commands␣such␣as␣\verb+\title+,␣\verb+\author+, \verb+\affiliation+␣are␣self␣explanatory.␣␣Various␣components␣are linked␣to␣each␣other␣by␣a␣label--reference␣mechanism;␣for instance,␣title␣footnote␣is␣linked␣to␣the␣title␣with␣a␣footnote mark␣generated␣by␣referring␣to␣the␣\verb+\label+␣string␣of the␣\verb=\tnotetext=.␣␣We␣have␣used␣similar␣commands such␣as␣\verb=\tnoteref=␣(to␣link␣title␣note␣to␣title); \verb=\corref=␣(to␣link␣corresponding␣author␣text␣to corresponding␣author);␣\verb=\fnref=␣(to␣link␣footnote␣text␣to the␣relevant␣author␣names).␣␣\TeX{}␣needs␣two␣compilations␣to resolve␣the␣footnote␣marks␣in␣the␣preamble␣part. Given␣below␣are␣the␣syntax␣of␣various␣note␣marks␣and␣note␣texts.

\begin{vquote} ␣␣\tnoteref{<label(s)>} ␣␣\corref{<label(s)>} ␣␣\fnref{<label(s)>} ␣␣\tnotetext[<label>]{<title␣note␣text>} ␣␣\cortext[<label>]{<corresponding␣author␣note␣text>} ␣␣\fntext[<label>]{<author␣footnote␣text>} \end{vquote}

\noindent␣where␣\verb=<label(s)>=␣can␣be␣either␣one␣or␣more␣comma delimited␣label␣strings.␣The␣optional␣arguments␣to␣the \verb=\author=␣command␣holds␣the␣ref␣label(s)␣of␣the␣address(es) to␣which␣the␣author␣is␣affiliated␣while␣each␣\verb=\affiliation= command␣can␣have␣an␣optional␣argument␣of␣a␣label.␣In␣the␣same manner,␣\verb=\tnotetext=,␣\verb=\fntext=,␣\verb=\cortext=␣will have␣optional␣arguments␣as␣their␣respective␣labels␣and␣note␣text as␣their␣mandatory␣argument.

The␣following␣example␣code␣provides␣the␣markup␣of␣the␣second␣type of␣author-affiliation.

\begin{vquote} \author{Jos␣Migchielsen\corref{cor1}% ␣␣\fnref{fn1}} \ead{[email protected]} ␣\affiliation[1]{organization={Elsevier␣B.V.}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣addressline={Radarweg␣29}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣postcode={1043␣NX}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣city={Amsterdam}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣country={The␣Netherlands}}

\author{CV␣Radhakrishnan\fnref{fn2}} \ead{[email protected]} ␣\affiliation[2]{organization={Sayahna␣Foundation}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣addressline={JWRA␣34,␣Jagathy}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣city={Trivandrum} ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣postcode={695014}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣country={India}}

\author{CV␣Rajagopal\fnref{fn1,fn3}} \ead[url]{www.stmdocs.in} ␣\affiliation[3]{organization={STM␣Document␣Engineering ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣Pvt␣Ltd.}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣addressline={Mepukada,␣Malayinkil}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣city={Trivandrum} ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣postcode={695571}, ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣country={India}} \end{vquote}

\vspace*{-.5pc}

\begin{vquote} \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding␣author} \fntext[fn1]{This␣is␣the␣first␣author␣footnote.} \fntext[fn2]{Another␣author␣footnote,␣this␣is␣a␣very␣long ␣␣footnote␣and␣it␣should␣be␣a␣really␣long␣footnote.␣But␣this ␣␣footnote␣is␣not␣yet␣sufficiently␣long␣enough␣to␣make␣two␣lines ␣␣of␣footnote␣text.} \end{vquote}

The␣output␣of␣the␣above␣\TeX{}␣source␣is␣given␣in␣Clip~\ref{clip3}.

\def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{Header␣of␣the␣title␣page..} \includeclip{1}{119␣563␣468␣709}{1pseperateaug.pdf}%%{elstest-1p.pdf}%seperate␣author␣groups \def\rulecolor{orange} %\pagebreak

Clip~\ref{clip4}␣shows␣the␣output␣after␣giving␣\verb+doubleblind+␣class␣option.

\def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{Double␣blind␣article} \includeclip{1}{124␣567␣477␣670}{elstest-1pdoubleblind.pdf}%%{elstest-1p.pdf}%single␣author␣group%%doubleblind \def\rulecolor{orange}

\vspace*{-.5pc} The␣frontmatter␣part␣has␣further␣environments␣such␣as␣abstracts␣and keywords.␣␣These␣can␣be␣marked␣up␣in␣the␣following␣manner:

\begin{vquote} ␣\begin{abstract} ␣␣In␣this␣work␣we␣demonstrate␣the␣formation␣of␣a␣new␣type␣of ␣␣polariton␣on␣the␣interface␣between␣a␣.... ␣\end{abstract} \end{vquote}

\vspace*{-.5pc} \begin{vquote} ␣\begin{keyword} ␣␣quadruple␣exiton␣\sep␣polariton␣\sep␣WGM ␣\end{keyword} \end{vquote}

\noindent␣Each␣keyword␣shall␣be␣separated␣by␣a␣\verb+\sep+␣command. \textsc{msc}␣classifications␣shall␣be␣provided␣in the␣keyword␣environment␣with␣the␣commands \verb+\MSC+.␣\verb+\MSC+␣accepts␣an␣optional argument␣to␣accommodate␣future␣revisions. eg.,␣\verb=\MSC[2008]=.␣The␣default␣is␣2000.\looseness=-1

\subsection{New␣page} Sometimes␣you␣may␣need␣to␣give␣a␣page-break␣and␣start␣a␣new␣page␣after title,␣author␣or␣abstract.␣Following␣commands␣can␣be␣used␣for␣this purpose.

\begin{vquote} ␣␣\newpageafter{title} ␣␣\newpageafter{author} ␣␣\newpageafter{abstract} \end{vquote}

\begin{itemize} \leftskip-2pc \item␣[]␣{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣\verb+\newpageafter{title}+}␣typeset␣the␣title␣alone␣on␣one␣page.

\item␣[]␣{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣\verb+\newpageafter{author}+}␣␣typeset␣the␣title and␣author␣details␣on␣one␣page.

\item␣[]␣{\tt\color{verbcolor}␣\verb+\newpageafter{abstract}+} typeset␣the␣title, author␣details␣and␣abstract␣\&␣keywords␣one␣one␣page.

\end{itemize}

\section{Floats} {Figures}␣may␣be␣included␣using␣the␣command,␣\verb+\includegraphics+␣in combination␣with␣or␣without␣its␣several␣options␣to␣further␣control graphic.␣\verb+\includegraphics+␣is␣provided␣by␣\file{graphic[s,x].sty} which␣is␣part␣of␣any␣standard␣\LaTeX{}␣distribution. \file{graphicx.sty}␣is␣loaded␣by␣default.␣\LaTeX{}␣accepts␣figures␣in the␣postscript␣format␣while␣pdf\LaTeX{}␣accepts␣\file{*.pdf}, \file{*.mps}␣(metapost),␣\file{*.jpg}␣and␣\file{*.png}␣formats. pdf\LaTeX{}␣does␣not␣accept␣graphic␣files␣in␣the␣postscript␣format.

The␣\verb+table+␣environment␣is␣handy␣for␣marking␣up␣tabular material.␣If␣users␣want␣to␣use␣\file{multirow.sty}, \file{array.sty},␣etc.,␣to␣fine␣control/enhance␣the␣tables,␣they are␣welcome␣to␣load␣any␣package␣of␣their␣choice␣and \file{elsarticle.cls}␣will␣work␣in␣combination␣with␣all␣loaded packages.

\section[Theorem␣and␣...]{Theorem␣and␣theorem␣like␣environments}

\file{elsarticle.cls}␣provides␣a␣few␣shortcuts␣to␣format␣theorems␣and theorem-like␣environments␣with␣ease.␣In␣all␣commands␣the␣options␣that are␣used␣with␣the␣\verb+\newtheorem+␣command␣will␣work␣exactly␣in␣the␣same manner.␣\file{elsarticle.cls}␣provides␣three␣commands␣to␣format␣theorem␣or theorem-like␣environments:

\begin{vquote} ␣\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem} ␣\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma} ␣\newdefinition{rmk}{Remark} ␣\newproof{pf}{Proof} ␣\newproof{pot}{Proof␣of␣Theorem␣\ref{thm2}} \end{vquote}

The␣\verb+\newtheorem+␣command␣formats␣a theorem␣in␣\LaTeX’s␣default␣style␣with␣italicized␣font,␣bold␣font for␣theorem␣heading␣and␣theorem␣number␣at␣the␣right␣hand␣side␣of␣the theorem␣heading.␣␣It␣also␣optionally␣accepts␣an␣argument␣which will␣be␣printed␣as␣an␣extra␣heading␣in␣parentheses.

\begin{vquote} ␣␣\begin{thm} ␣␣␣For␣system␣(8),␣consensus␣can␣be␣achieved␣with ␣␣␣$\|T_{\omega␣z}$ ␣␣␣... ␣␣␣␣␣\begin{eqnarray}\label{10} ␣␣␣␣␣.... ␣␣␣␣␣\end{eqnarray} ␣␣\end{thm} \end{vquote}

Clip~\ref{clip5}␣will␣show␣you␣how␣some␣text␣enclosed␣between␣the above␣code\goodbreak␣\noindent␣looks␣like:

\vspace*{6pt} \def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs␣newtheorem}} \includeclip{2}{1␣1␣453␣120}{jfigs.pdf} \def\rulecolor{orange}

The␣\verb+\newdefinition+␣command␣is␣the␣same␣in all␣respects␣as␣its\linebreak␣\verb+\newtheorem+␣counterpart␣except␣that the␣font␣shape␣is␣roman␣instead␣of␣italic.␣␣Both \verb+\newdefinition+␣and␣\verb+\newtheorem+␣commands automatically␣define␣counters␣for␣the␣environments␣defined.

\vspace*{6pt} \def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs␣newdefinition}} \includeclip{1}{1␣1␣453␣105}{jfigs.pdf} \def\rulecolor{orange}

The␣\verb+\newproof+␣command␣defines␣proof␣environments␣with upright␣font␣shape.␣␣No␣counters␣are␣defined.

\vspace*{6pt} \def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs␣newproof}} \includeclip{3}{1␣1␣453␣65}{jfigs.pdf} \def\rulecolor{orange}

Users␣can␣also␣make␣use␣of␣\verb+amsthm.sty+␣which␣will␣override all␣the␣default␣definitions␣described␣above.

\section[Enumerated␣...]{Enumerated␣and␣Itemized␣Lists} \file{elsarticle.cls}␣provides␣an␣extended␣list␣processing␣macros which␣makes␣the␣usage␣a␣bit␣more␣user␣friendly␣than␣the␣default \LaTeX{}␣list␣macros.␣␣␣With␣an␣optional␣argument␣to␣the \verb+\begin{enumerate}+␣command,␣you␣can␣change␣the␣list␣counter type␣and␣its␣attributes.

\begin{vquote} ␣\begin{enumerate}[1.] ␣\item␣The␣enumerate␣environment␣starts␣with␣an␣optional ␣␣␣argument␣‘1.’,␣so␣that␣the␣item␣counter␣will␣be␣suffixed ␣␣␣by␣a␣period. ␣\item␣You␣can␣use␣‘a)’␣for␣alphabetical␣counter␣and␣’(i)’␣for ␣␣␣roman␣counter. ␣␣\begin{enumerate}[a)] ␣␣␣␣\item␣Another␣level␣of␣list␣with␣alphabetical␣counter. ␣␣␣␣\item␣One␣more␣item␣before␣we␣start␣another. \end{vquote}

\def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{List␣--␣Enumerate} \includeclip{4}{1␣1␣453␣185}{jfigs.pdf} \def\rulecolor{orange}

Further,␣the␣enhanced␣list␣environment␣allows␣one␣to␣prefix␣a string␣like␣‘step’␣to␣all␣the␣item␣numbers.

\begin{vquote} ␣\begin{enumerate}[Step␣1.] ␣␣\item␣This␣is␣the␣first␣step␣of␣the␣example␣list. ␣␣\item␣Obviously␣this␣is␣the␣second␣step. ␣␣\item␣The␣final␣step␣to␣wind␣up␣this␣example. ␣\end{enumerate} \end{vquote}

\def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{List␣--␣enhanced} \includeclip{5}{1␣1␣313␣83}{jfigs.pdf} \def\rulecolor{orange}

\section{Cross-references} In␣electronic␣publications,␣articles␣may␣be␣internally hyperlinked.␣Hyperlinks␣are␣generated␣from␣proper cross-references␣in␣the␣article.␣␣For␣example,␣the␣words \textcolor{black!80}{Fig.~1}␣will␣never␣be␣more␣than␣simple␣text, whereas␣the␣proper␣cross-reference␣\verb+\ref{tiger}+␣may␣be turned␣into␣a␣hyperlink␣to␣the␣figure␣itself: \textcolor{blue}{Fig.~1}.␣␣In␣the␣same␣way, the␣words␣\textcolor{blue}{Ref.~[1]}␣will␣fail␣to␣turn␣into␣a hyperlink;␣the␣proper␣cross-reference␣is␣\verb+\cite{Knuth96}+. Cross-referencing␣is␣possible␣in␣\LaTeX{}␣for␣sections, subsections,␣formulae,␣figures,␣tables,␣and␣literature references.

\section[Mathematical␣...]{Mathematical␣symbols␣and␣formulae}

Many␣physical/mathematical␣sciences␣authors␣require␣more mathematical␣symbols␣than␣the␣few␣that␣are␣provided␣in␣standard \LaTeX.␣A␣useful␣package␣for␣additional␣symbols␣is␣the \file{amssymb}␣package,␣developed␣by␣the␣American␣Mathematical Society.␣This␣package␣includes␣such␣oft-used␣symbols␣as $\lesssim$␣(\verb+\lesssim+),␣$\gtrsim$␣(\verb+\gtrsim+)␣␣or $\hbar$␣(\verb+\hbar+).␣Note␣that␣your␣\TeX{} system␣should␣have␣the␣\file{msam}␣and␣\file{msbm}␣fonts␣installed.␣If you␣need␣only␣a␣few␣symbols,␣such␣as␣$\Box$␣(\verb+\Box+),␣you␣might␣try␣the package␣\file{latexsym}.

Another␣point␣which␣would␣require␣authors’␣attention␣is␣the breaking␣up␣of␣long␣equations.␣␣When␣you␣use \file{elsarticle.cls}␣for␣formatting␣your␣submissions␣in␣the \verb+preprint+␣mode,␣the␣document␣is␣formatted␣in␣single␣column style␣with␣a␣text␣width␣of␣384pt␣or␣5.3in.␣␣When␣this␣document␣is formatted␣for␣final␣print␣and␣if␣the␣journal␣happens␣to␣be␣a␣double␣column journal,␣the␣text␣width␣will␣be␣reduced␣to␣224pt␣at␣for␣3+ double␣column␣and␣5+␣journals␣respectively.␣All␣the␣nifty fine-tuning␣in␣equation␣breaking␣done␣by␣the␣author␣goes␣to␣waste␣in such␣cases.␣␣Therefore,␣authors␣are␣requested␣to␣check␣this problem␣by␣typesetting␣their␣submissions␣in␣final␣format␣as␣well just␣to␣see␣if␣their␣equations␣are␣broken␣at␣appropriate␣places, by␣changing␣appropriate␣options␣in␣the␣document␣class␣loading command,␣which␣is␣explained␣in␣section~\ref{sec:usage}, \nameref{sec:usage}.␣This␣allows␣authors␣to␣fix␣any␣equation␣breaking problem␣before␣submission␣for␣publication. \file{elsarticle.cls}␣supports␣formatting␣the␣author␣submission in␣different␣types␣of␣final␣format.␣␣This␣is␣further␣discussed␣in section␣\ref{sec:final},␣\nameref{sec:final}.

\enlargethispage*{\baselineskip}

\subsection*{Displayed␣equations␣and␣double␣column␣journals}

Many␣Elsevier␣journals␣print␣their␣text␣in␣two␣columns.␣Since the␣preprint␣layout␣uses␣a␣larger␣line␣width␣than␣such␣columns, the␣formulae␣are␣too␣wide␣for␣the␣line␣width␣in␣print.␣Here␣is␣an example␣of␣an␣equation␣␣(see␣equation␣6)␣which␣is␣perfect␣in␣a single␣column␣preprint␣format:

In␣normal␣course,␣articles␣are␣prepared␣and␣submitted␣in␣single␣column format␣even␣if␣the␣final␣printed␣article␣will␣come␣in␣a␣double␣column format␣journal.␣Here␣the␣problem␣is␣that␣when␣the␣article␣is␣typeset␣by the␣typesetters␣for␣paginating␣and␣fit␣within␣the␣single␣column␣width, they␣have␣to␣break␣the␣lengthy␣equations␣and␣align␣them␣properly.␣Even if␣most␣of␣the␣tasks␣in␣preparing␣your␣proof␣is␣automated,␣the␣equation breaking␣and␣aligning␣requires␣manual␣judgement,␣hence␣this␣task␣is␣manual. When␣there␣comes␣a␣manual␣operation␣that␣area␣is␣error␣prone.␣Author needs␣to␣check␣that␣equation␣pretty␣well.

However␣if␣authors␣themselves␣break␣the␣equation␣to␣the␣single␣column width␣typesetters␣need␣not␣want␣to␣touch␣these␣area␣and␣the␣proof␣authors get␣will␣be␣without␣any␣errors.

%\bigskip \setlength\Sep{6pt} \src{See␣equation␣(6)} \def\rulecolor{blue!70} %\includeclip{<page>}{l␣b␣scale␣}{file.pdf} \includeclip{4}{105␣500␣500␣700}{1psingleauthorgroup.pdf} \def\rulecolor{orange} ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣ \noindent␣When␣this␣document␣is␣typeset␣for␣publication␣in␣a model␣3+␣journal␣with␣double␣columns,␣the␣equation␣will␣overlap the␣second␣column␣text␣matter␣if␣the␣equation␣is␣not␣broken␣at the␣appropriate␣location.

\vspace*{6pt} \def\rulecolor{blue!70} \src{See␣equation␣(6)␣overprints␣into␣second␣column} \includeclip{3}{59␣421␣532␣635}{elstest-3pd.pdf} \def\rulecolor{orange} \vspace*{6pt}

\noindent␣The␣typesetter␣will␣try␣to␣break␣the␣equation␣which need␣not␣necessarily␣be␣to␣the␣liking␣of␣the␣author␣or␣as␣it happens,␣typesetter’s␣break␣point␣may␣be␣semantically␣incorrect. Therefore,␣authors␣may␣check␣their␣submissions␣for␣the␣incidence of␣such␣long␣equations␣and␣break␣the␣equations␣at␣the␣correct places␣so␣that␣the␣final␣typeset␣copy␣will␣be␣as␣they␣wish.

\section{Bibliography}

Three␣bibliographic␣style␣files␣(\verb+*.bst+)␣are␣provided␣--- \file{elsarticle-num.bst},␣\file{elsarticle-num-names.bst}␣and \file{elsarticle-harv.bst}␣---␣the␣first␣one␣can␣be␣used␣for␣the numbered␣scheme,␣second␣one␣for␣numbered␣with␣new␣options␣of \file{natbib.sty}.␣The␣third␣one␣is␣for␣the␣author␣year scheme.

In␣\LaTeX{}␣literature,␣references␣are␣listed␣in␣the \verb+thebibliography+␣environment.␣␣Each␣reference␣is␣a \verb+\bibitem+␣and␣each␣\verb+\bibitem+␣is␣identified␣by␣a␣label, by␣which␣it␣can␣be␣cited␣in␣the␣text:

\verb+\bibitem[Elson␣et␣al.(1996)]{ESG96}+␣is␣cited␣as \verb+\citet{ESG96}+.

\noindent␣In␣connection␣with␣cross-referencing␣and possible␣future␣hyperlinking␣it␣is␣not␣a␣good␣idea␣to␣collect more␣that␣one␣literature␣item␣in␣one␣\verb+\bibitem+.␣␣The so-called␣Harvard␣or␣author-year␣style␣of␣referencing␣is␣enabled by␣the␣\LaTeX{}␣package␣\file{natbib}.␣With␣this␣package␣the literature␣can␣be␣cited␣as␣follows:

\begin{enumerate}[\textbullet] \item␣Parenthetical:␣\verb+\citep{WB96}+␣produces␣(Wettig␣\&␣Brown,␣1996). \item␣Textual:␣\verb+\citet{ESG96}+␣produces␣Elson␣et␣al.␣(1996). \item␣An␣affix␣and␣part␣of␣a␣reference: \verb+\citep[e.g.][Ch.␣2]{Gea97}+␣produces␣(e.g.␣Governato␣et al.,␣1997,␣Ch.␣2). \end{enumerate}

In␣the␣numbered␣scheme␣of␣citation,␣\verb+\cite{<label>}+␣is␣used, since␣\verb+\citep+␣or␣\verb+\citet+␣has␣no␣relevance␣in␣the␣numbered scheme.␣␣\file{natbib}␣package␣is␣loaded␣by␣\file{elsarticle}␣with \verb+numbers+␣as␣default␣option.␣␣You␣can␣change␣this␣to␣author-year or␣harvard␣scheme␣by␣adding␣option␣\verb+authoryear+␣in␣the␣class loading␣command.␣␣If␣you␣want␣to␣use␣more␣options␣of␣the␣\file{natbib} package,␣you␣can␣do␣so␣with␣the␣\verb+\biboptions+␣command,␣which␣is described␣in␣the␣section␣\ref{sec:usage},␣\nameref{sec:usage}.␣␣For details␣of␣various␣options␣of␣the␣\file{natbib}␣package,␣please␣take␣a look␣at␣the␣\file{natbib}␣documentation,␣which␣is␣part␣of␣any␣standard \LaTeX{}␣installation.

In␣addition␣to␣the␣above␣standard␣\verb+.bst+␣files,␣there␣are␣10 journal-specific␣\verb+.bst+␣files␣also␣available. Instruction␣for␣using␣these␣\verb+.bst+␣files␣can␣be␣found␣at \href{http://support.stmdocs.in/wiki/index.php?title=Model-wise_bibliographic_style_files} {http://support.stmdocs.in}

\section[Graphical␣...]{Graphical␣abstract␣and␣highlights} A␣template␣for␣adding␣graphical␣abstract␣and␣highlights␣are␣available now.␣This␣will␣appear␣as␣the␣first␣two␣pages␣of␣the␣PDF␣before␣the article␣content␣begins.

\pagebreak Please␣refer␣below␣to␣see␣how␣to␣code␣them.

\begin{vquote} .... ....

\end{abstract}

%%Graphical␣abstract \begin{graphicalabstract} %\includegraphics{grabs} \end{graphicalabstract}

%%Research␣highlights \begin{highlights} \item␣Research␣highlight␣1 \item␣Research␣highlight␣2 \end{highlights}

\begin{keyword} %%␣keywords␣here,␣in␣the␣form:␣keyword␣\sep␣keyword .... .... \end{vquote}

\section{Final␣print}\label{sec:final}

The␣authors␣can␣format␣their␣submission␣to␣the␣page␣size␣and␣margins of␣their␣preferred␣journal.␣␣\file{elsarticle}␣provides␣four class␣options␣for␣the␣same.␣But␣it␣does␣not␣mean␣that␣using␣these options␣you␣can␣emulate␣the␣exact␣page␣layout␣of␣the␣final␣print␣copy.

\lmrgn=3em \begin{description} \item␣[\texttt{1p}:]␣$1+$␣journals␣with␣a␣text␣area␣of 384pt␣$\times$␣562pt␣or␣13.5cm␣$\times$␣19.75cm␣or␣5.3in␣$\times$ 7.78in,␣single␣column␣style␣only.

\item␣[\texttt{3p}:]␣$3+$␣journals␣with␣a␣text␣area␣of␣468pt $\times$␣622pt␣or␣16.45cm␣$\times$␣21.9cm␣or␣6.5in␣$\times$ 8.6in,␣single␣column␣style.

\item␣[\texttt{twocolumn}:]␣should␣be␣used␣along␣with␣3p␣option␣if␣the journal␣is␣$3+$␣with␣the␣same␣text␣area␣as␣above,␣but␣double␣column style.

\item␣[\texttt{5p}:]␣$5+$␣with␣text␣area␣of␣522pt␣$\times$ 682pt␣or␣18.35cm␣$\times$␣24cm␣or␣7.22in␣$\times$␣9.45in, double␣column␣style␣only. \end{description}

Following␣pages␣have␣the␣clippings␣of␣different␣parts␣of the␣title␣page␣of␣different␣journal␣models␣typeset␣in␣final format.

Model␣$1+$␣and␣$3+$␣␣will␣have␣the␣same␣look␣and feel␣in␣the␣typeset␣copy␣when␣presented␣in␣this␣document.␣That␣is also␣the␣case␣with␣the␣double␣column␣$3+$␣and␣$5+$␣journal␣article pages.␣The␣only␣difference␣will␣be␣wider␣text␣width␣of higher␣models.␣␣Here␣are␣the␣specimen␣single␣and␣double␣column␣journal pages.

%Therefore␣we␣will␣look␣at␣the %different␣portions␣of␣a␣typical␣single␣column␣journal␣page␣and %that␣of␣a␣double␣column␣article␣in␣the␣final␣format.

\begin{comment} \begin{center} \hypertarget{bsc}{} \hyperlink{sc}{ {\bf␣[Specimen␣single␣column␣article␣--␣Click␣here]} }

\hypertarget{bsc}{} \hyperlink{dc}{ {\bf␣[Specimen␣double␣column␣article␣--␣Click␣here]} } \end{center} \end{comment}

\vspace*{-.5pc}

\enlargethispage*{\baselineskip}

\src{}\hypertarget{sc}{} \def\rulecolor{blue!70} \hyperlink{bsc}{\includeclip{1}{88␣120␣514␣724}{elstest-1p.pdf}} \def\rulecolor{orange}

\src{}\hypertarget{dc}{} \def\rulecolor{blue!70} \hyperlink{bsc}{\includeclip{1}{27␣61␣562␣758}{elstest-5p.pdf}} \def\rulecolor{orange}

~\hfill␣$\Box$

\end{document}